Wednesday, 9 February 2011
Radio Timeline
1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves. 1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first radio equipment, a device that will ring a bell from 30 ft. away. 1899: Marconi establishes first radio link between England and France. 1900: American scientist R.A. Fessenden transmists human speech via radiowaves. 1901: Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland 1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission that generates continuous radio waves, producing a frequency of 100 kHz and receivable over 150 miles. 1904: First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria. 1905: Marconi invents the directional radio antennae. 1906: First radio program of voice and music broadcast in the U.S. (by R.A. Fessenden) 1907: Fessenden invents a high-frequency electric generator that produces radio waves with a frequency of 100 kHz. 1908: GE develops a 100 kHz, 2 kW alternator for radio communication. 1910: Radio communications gain publicity when the captain of the Montrose alerts Scotland via radio of an escaping criminal. 1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the heterodyne receiver are introduced. 1914: Edwin Armstrong patents a radio receiver circuit with positive feedback. Part of the amplified high-frequency signal is fed back to the tuning circuit to enhance selectivity and sensitivity. 1918: Armstrong develops the superheterodyne radio receiver. The principle for this receiver is the basis for all radio receivers now in use.A 200 kW alternator starts operating at Station NFF, the Naval station in New Brunswick NJ, which was the most powerful radio transmitter of the time. 1919: Shortwave radio is developed. RCA is founded. 1920: KDKA broadcasts the first regular licensed radio broadcast out of Pittsburgh, PA. 1921: RCA starts operating Radio Central on Long Island.The American Radio League establishes contact via a shortwave radio with Paul Godley in Scotland, proving that shortwave radio can be used for long distance communication. 1922: March: WWJ, an AM station in Detroit, offers the University of Michigan broadcasting rights for extension lectures. 1923: UM's Professor Dreese submits a proposal for several UM operated stations. His proposal was tabled by the Regents, who were not concerned with radio at the time. 1924: Dreese instead runs experimental station WCBC as a project in the basement of West Engineering. This project died at the end of the academic year.1925: WJR-AM offers educational broadcasting spots to the UM. The UM continued to broadcast on WWJ as well. 1928: A radio statio in NYC, WRNY begins to broadcast television shows. 1931: The UM School of Music pursues the idea of radio as education. It taught school band lessons via radio. 1933: Educational programming originating at the UM grows. The Regents of the UM become interested in radio. WJR cuts the UM's educational broadcasts for commercial broadcasting.Edward Armstrong patents wide-band frequency modulation (FM radio). 1935: FM radio is born, but only in mono. 1938: The FCC sets aside educational/non-profit bandwidth on FM. 1941: Oct.10: Columbia University's Radio Club opens the first regularly scheduled FM station. 1943: The UM decides it needs an FM station, and expresses a commitment to radio broadcasting. 1945: Television is born. FM is moved from its original home of 42-50 Mhz to 88-108 Mhz to make room for TV. 1946: There are six TV stations in the nation. 1948: The UM starts its first station, known as Michigan Radiom or WUOM.The Regents publish a mandate for broadcasting.WOUM is no outlet for studen broadcasting, so student radio clubs form and create small studios in East Quadrangle and West Quadrangle. These studios broadcast on AM to their respective buildings via carrier current. 1950: A small studio is created in the newly-erected South Quadrangle. 1952: Sony offers a miniature transistor radio. This is one of the first mass-produced consumer AM/FM radios. The studios in the UM dormitories jorn forces, and "The Campus Broadcasting Network" is born as WCBN-AM. 1953: Advertising is accepted on WCBN-AM. 1954: The number of radio receivers in the world exceeds the number of newspapers printed daily. 1956: WCBN hosts the first National Association of College Broadcasters. 1957: CBN moves into the new Student Activities Building, and its studios start to become centralized.Allan Ginsberg's controvesial poem, "Howl" is broadcast for the first time. 1961: FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting, which spurs FM development. 1962: United States radio stations begin broadcasting in stereophonic sound. 1965: WCBN studios are completely centralized in the SAB. CBN's identity becomes stronger as its programming becomes increasingly eclectic and challenging. 1969: WCBN starts to think about purchasing an FM transmitter.FM is deemed necessary to reach off-campus students and the community at large. CBN's audience is a different audience from WUOM's, so there would be no competition.February: WCBN's Program Director announces that programming will be designed to meet the needs of the audience, not the needs of the air staff. 1970: The Inter-Cooperative Council (ICC) has a CBN carrier current loop installed into its North Campus residence. 1971: FM plans are finalized for WCBN. February: The UM Regents approves plans for WCBN-FM, and building begins. 1972: January 23 :WCBN-FM 89.5 FM is born, broadcasting at 10 watts. WCBN-AM is maintained, and adopts a "60's Gold" format. 1977: Frequency change for WCBN takes place (from 89.5FM to 88.3FM). November: The Sex Pistols' Never Mind the Bollocks is released. "Things change." --Ken Freedman1978: U-M President Robben Fleming urges that WCBN should be used only for educational purposes and restricted to students only. 1979: February: First WCBN fundraiser is organized by Ann Rebentisch, and raises $5,000. 1980: CBN plays "It's my Party" by Leslie Gore for 18 hours straight the day after Reagan is elected. 1981: FCC complaint against CBN filed by disgruntled staffers. The FCC takes it very seriously but does not level a fine. 1986: In Europe, FM radio stations begin to use the subcarrier signal of FM radio to transmit digital data. This RDS (radio data system) is used to transmit messages on display screens to radios.1987: At WJJX (WCBN's AM counterpart), a student DJ is fired for broadcasting a series of racist jokes.1988: The U-M decides to oust non-students from WCBN. WCBN airs Allan Ginsberg's Howl. 1992: In Paris an experimental digital FM transmitter begins operation. 1993: In the US, FM radio stations begin to use the RDS already in place in Europe.
Tuesday, 1 February 2011
Conventions Of Local Radio
Pauses, Slang and Catchphrases
Pauses, slang and catchphrases tend to be used on less known radio stations (local), for words such as "ennit" and "sick". They also tend to be used on more Hip/Hop and RnB radio stations. For example when i did my research into local radio stations, i looked at Radio 1xtra, they used words such as "epic" and "sick". Pauses dont seem to occur too often as it is important to keep the flow of rado going and to have no "dead air". When i listened to Heart FM, the quality of Standard English and pronunciation was of alot higher quality compared to the Hip/Hop RnB staion of Radio 1 Extra. Finally most radio stations tend to have their own types of catchphrases, and the wording will be different depending on what kind of. For example when i listened to Radio 1, catchphrases that they tended to use were such as "you are listening to radio 1".
DJ Talking About The Song Being/ Been Played
DJ's explain what song is being played, when abouts it was released (recently, old or if its a remix of such), normally what there own personal opinion is of the song and who the song is by. They will try and lour the audience into downloading / buying the song. They may also go over other records that the artist has done, or even give quick example of some of them. If the DJ has the artist in the studio with them, they will discuss the song together.
DJ Talks To Himself
The DJ may talk about there own lives and what they have got upto over the weekend as an example. But generally they will talk about their listeners lives, or who has rang, texted or even tweeted in (public affairs). The main time that they will speak about their own lives will be on a monday morning, about what they did over the weekend.
DJ Talks To The Listener, Or About The Listener
In pretty much every local radio station, they will talk to the listener, the audience has the chance to text, call or even tweet into the radio station so that they can have their point put out onto the air time, they can also have the chance to have a song they want played.
DJ Says What's Coming Up
The DJ will about 90% of the time tell you what is coming up later on in the show, it will keep the listeners interesting and hopfully keep the number of listeners up, as of course each radio wants to try and have the highest number of listeners. Things that they will keep you are coming up are those such as; songs, special quests that may be appearing or even a question that they may ask the public.
DJ Digresses To Another Subject
Dj's will try and change the subject constantly, its what the listeners like to hear as nobody likes to hear the same subject go on and on about for an hour. They will go on about music and the artists, and they may then link that onto a celebrity that reminds them of that song. Keeping a constant flow.
DJ Promotes Another Show
This does not very commenly happen, as that would be giving away potential and already there listeners. But things that they do, are promote other Dj's that will be coming up on the station later on in the day. For example radio one will always try and promote their live lounge sessions with exciting artists appearing.
Vox-Pop
This is when the radio station want to know peoples point of views. They tend to go out in local towns and ask people on the street what they think aboout a daily question that may be going on at the radio station, or even something that has hit the news for example the royal wedding. Bigger station will go out onto the streets, but smaller ones will just get the listeners to phone in
Outside Broadcast
Again this is when the station will go outside, they may be interviewing someone that cannot make it to the studio but they still want to get that important catch. For instance the weather is sometimes recorded outside. Bigger radio stations will do these aswell.
Pauses, slang and catchphrases tend to be used on less known radio stations (local), for words such as "ennit" and "sick". They also tend to be used on more Hip/Hop and RnB radio stations. For example when i did my research into local radio stations, i looked at Radio 1xtra, they used words such as "epic" and "sick". Pauses dont seem to occur too often as it is important to keep the flow of rado going and to have no "dead air". When i listened to Heart FM, the quality of Standard English and pronunciation was of alot higher quality compared to the Hip/Hop RnB staion of Radio 1 Extra. Finally most radio stations tend to have their own types of catchphrases, and the wording will be different depending on what kind of. For example when i listened to Radio 1, catchphrases that they tended to use were such as "you are listening to radio 1".
DJ Talking About The Song Being/ Been Played
DJ's explain what song is being played, when abouts it was released (recently, old or if its a remix of such), normally what there own personal opinion is of the song and who the song is by. They will try and lour the audience into downloading / buying the song. They may also go over other records that the artist has done, or even give quick example of some of them. If the DJ has the artist in the studio with them, they will discuss the song together.
DJ Talks To Himself
The DJ may talk about there own lives and what they have got upto over the weekend as an example. But generally they will talk about their listeners lives, or who has rang, texted or even tweeted in (public affairs). The main time that they will speak about their own lives will be on a monday morning, about what they did over the weekend.
DJ Talks To The Listener, Or About The Listener
In pretty much every local radio station, they will talk to the listener, the audience has the chance to text, call or even tweet into the radio station so that they can have their point put out onto the air time, they can also have the chance to have a song they want played.
DJ Says What's Coming Up
The DJ will about 90% of the time tell you what is coming up later on in the show, it will keep the listeners interesting and hopfully keep the number of listeners up, as of course each radio wants to try and have the highest number of listeners. Things that they will keep you are coming up are those such as; songs, special quests that may be appearing or even a question that they may ask the public.
DJ Digresses To Another Subject
Dj's will try and change the subject constantly, its what the listeners like to hear as nobody likes to hear the same subject go on and on about for an hour. They will go on about music and the artists, and they may then link that onto a celebrity that reminds them of that song. Keeping a constant flow.
DJ Promotes Another Show
This does not very commenly happen, as that would be giving away potential and already there listeners. But things that they do, are promote other Dj's that will be coming up on the station later on in the day. For example radio one will always try and promote their live lounge sessions with exciting artists appearing.
Vox-Pop
This is when the radio station want to know peoples point of views. They tend to go out in local towns and ask people on the street what they think aboout a daily question that may be going on at the radio station, or even something that has hit the news for example the royal wedding. Bigger station will go out onto the streets, but smaller ones will just get the listeners to phone in
Outside Broadcast
Again this is when the station will go outside, they may be interviewing someone that cannot make it to the studio but they still want to get that important catch. For instance the weather is sometimes recorded outside. Bigger radio stations will do these aswell.
Research Into Local Radio Stations
BBC Radio 1 "Greg James" 2.05pm - 2.25pm 22/11/10
Witchcraft - Pendulum
*jingle*
"its 2.10 and you are listening to radio 1"
"lets take a look back at what was a hit from fridays show"
plays clip from fridays show with another member of the show doing the weather in a rap
Plan B - love goes down
*jingle*
"you can listen to radio 1's live lounge tonight with ferne cotton"
interview with the Take That on their upcoming tour
*jingle*
Live Lounge play of Take Thats new song SOS
"you can see more Live Lounge plays at www.bbc.co.uk/radio1
DJ Fresh - Lassitude
"and that is my biggest hit for the week - what a song that is"
a wide variety of music from drum and base to more soulful music.
alot of promotion and remember who you are actually listening to "BBC Radio 1" and the Live Lounge
Slang and Catchphrases:
- "and that is my biggest hit of the week"
- "what a song that is"
- alot of catchphrases/slang about the music that is playing/ being played
About The Tracks:
- and that is my biggest hit for the week - what a song that is"
Digression To Another Subject:
- complementing Take That and their new song, and then going on about the Live Lounge and what else you can hear and see if you go to the website (promotion)
- and ive got some very sad news for you... pancake day is not actually going to be in February this year.. and now lets hear what you have got to say about this subject (texts and emails that have been sent in)
Promoting Other Shows:
- "you can listen to the Live Lounge tonight with Ferne Cotton."
Jingle
"This Is Radio 1"
Critisisms
- alot of none needed chat that they are saying about, like the pancakes, i know they have to make talk time on the air, but i'm sure that they could come up with something a little bit better than pancake day not being in February.
- also a lot of on air pauses, this is bad for airplay
Positive Comments
- alot of good feedback to the songs that have been played, alot of positive comments promoting people to buy the songs
- alot of recent and upbeat songs, nothing slow and boring, enjoyable.
My Own View
I enjoyed listening to this radio station, i found it very easy to listen to with a very nice vibe about it. Seemed a friendly and bubbly enviroment
Heart Fm - Toby Anstis - 10:30am - 10:50am 24/11/10
*jingle*
blackeyed peas - i got a feeling
*jingle*
Shania Twain - your still the one
*jingle*
George Benson - in your eyes
"very nice, george benson there. if you want a message played tweet me at Toby Anstis. To come we have the soundtrack to the best movie of all time so stay tuned.
Adverts - dreams beds - dreams.co.uk
- bristol street motors - promoting cars - peugeot 206
- kingsmill 50/50 bread
- go compare car insurance
*jingle*
Abba- mamma mia
*jingle*
Amy Winehouse - valerie
Jingles
"with more music variety, this is heart"
"this is heart, this is heart"
Slang and Catchphrases
- "so stay tuned"
About The Tracks
- "very nice, George Benson there"
Digression To Another Subject
- no apllicable
Promoting Other Shoes
- not applicable
Critisisms
- not alot of on air speaking, just seemed music to be played song after song
- only one positve comment after one of the songs, every other one they just played the jingle afterwards
Positive comments
- jingle played alot - and its nice and catchy so easy to remember
- adverts - bringing money to the radio station
My Own View
I found this radio station really hard and boring to listen to. I found there was no real input from the DJ in the time frame that i listened to. A mixed time frame for the age of the songs which means that there can be a wide varitety of ages that listen to Heart FM
Radio 1xtra - "Trevor Nelson" - 11.35 - 11.55 24/11//10
Nelly - work that body
*jingle*
Mclean - finally in love
"you are listening to Radio 1xtra, after this we will be looking at a neptune distography with Pharelle"
Loick Essien ft Ndubz - stuttering
" what an epic song, listen to these which neptunes revamped hip hop with"
different clips of songs from neptune
"we will try and play five different tracks from neptunes production for you"
interview about dubstep music
Pharelle - grinding remix
"you can just feeling him in the studio dropping the beat to this sick remix, and no Ellie you havent missed Devlin in the live lounge" (bedrock instrument played behind while he was speaking)
"now this is skepta amnesia, what a song" (begining being played behind
Skepta - amnesia
*jingle*
speaking to another female dj in the studio about Fernando Torres
"our sports reporter will be out speaking to people about what they thought of yesterday being a record breaking day on transfers at stamford bridge"
Jingles
- "radio 1xtra, with Trevor Nelson" (each different DJ has a different Jingle)
Slang and Catchphrases
- "you are listening to radio 1xtra"
- "what a song"
- "you can just feel him dropping the beat"
- "what an epic song"
About The Tracks
- "you can just feel him dropping the beat on this sick remix"
- "what a song"
- "what an epic song"
Digression To Another Subject
- "no Ellie you haven't missed Devlin in the live lounge" - also promoting people to stay tuned and listen to Devlin playing in the live lounge
Promoting Other Shoes
- "no Ellie you haven't missed Devlin in the Live Lounge" wanting people to stay tuned and listen to the live lounge
Critisisms
- Trevor Nelson doesn't speak very clearly so it is quite hard to understand what he is saying
- Talking fast, trying to cram everything in, in a very short space of time
Positive comments
- stopping and speaking after the songs, giving the audience the sense of feeling that the DJ is actually enjoying what he is doing
- promotion of the live lounge - which i listened to and was great
My Own View
Again i really enjoyed listening to this radio station, alot of upbeat music, also i liked the outside broadcast speaking to people, getting the public involved.
I listen to each radio station for 20 minutes each so that it would be fair.
I also couldn't look at alot of radio stations local to Kidlington because none of them would play on the internet, and that was the equipment that we had to listen to the radios on, and would make it easier to make the notes to go onto my blog.
Witchcraft - Pendulum
*jingle*
"its 2.10 and you are listening to radio 1"
"lets take a look back at what was a hit from fridays show"
plays clip from fridays show with another member of the show doing the weather in a rap
Plan B - love goes down
*jingle*
"you can listen to radio 1's live lounge tonight with ferne cotton"
interview with the Take That on their upcoming tour
*jingle*
Live Lounge play of Take Thats new song SOS
"you can see more Live Lounge plays at www.bbc.co.uk/radio1
DJ Fresh - Lassitude
"and that is my biggest hit for the week - what a song that is"
a wide variety of music from drum and base to more soulful music.
alot of promotion and remember who you are actually listening to "BBC Radio 1" and the Live Lounge
Slang and Catchphrases:
- "and that is my biggest hit of the week"
- "what a song that is"
- alot of catchphrases/slang about the music that is playing/ being played
About The Tracks:
- and that is my biggest hit for the week - what a song that is"
Digression To Another Subject:
- complementing Take That and their new song, and then going on about the Live Lounge and what else you can hear and see if you go to the website (promotion)
- and ive got some very sad news for you... pancake day is not actually going to be in February this year.. and now lets hear what you have got to say about this subject (texts and emails that have been sent in)
Promoting Other Shows:
- "you can listen to the Live Lounge tonight with Ferne Cotton."
Jingle
"This Is Radio 1"
Critisisms
- alot of none needed chat that they are saying about, like the pancakes, i know they have to make talk time on the air, but i'm sure that they could come up with something a little bit better than pancake day not being in February.
- also a lot of on air pauses, this is bad for airplay
Positive Comments
- alot of good feedback to the songs that have been played, alot of positive comments promoting people to buy the songs
- alot of recent and upbeat songs, nothing slow and boring, enjoyable.
My Own View
I enjoyed listening to this radio station, i found it very easy to listen to with a very nice vibe about it. Seemed a friendly and bubbly enviroment
Heart Fm - Toby Anstis - 10:30am - 10:50am 24/11/10
*jingle*
blackeyed peas - i got a feeling
*jingle*
Shania Twain - your still the one
*jingle*
George Benson - in your eyes
"very nice, george benson there. if you want a message played tweet me at Toby Anstis. To come we have the soundtrack to the best movie of all time so stay tuned.
Adverts - dreams beds - dreams.co.uk
- bristol street motors - promoting cars - peugeot 206
- kingsmill 50/50 bread
- go compare car insurance
*jingle*
Abba- mamma mia
*jingle*
Amy Winehouse - valerie
Jingles
"with more music variety, this is heart"
"this is heart, this is heart"
Slang and Catchphrases
- "so stay tuned"
About The Tracks
- "very nice, George Benson there"
Digression To Another Subject
- no apllicable
Promoting Other Shoes
- not applicable
Critisisms
- not alot of on air speaking, just seemed music to be played song after song
- only one positve comment after one of the songs, every other one they just played the jingle afterwards
Positive comments
- jingle played alot - and its nice and catchy so easy to remember
- adverts - bringing money to the radio station
My Own View
I found this radio station really hard and boring to listen to. I found there was no real input from the DJ in the time frame that i listened to. A mixed time frame for the age of the songs which means that there can be a wide varitety of ages that listen to Heart FM
Radio 1xtra - "Trevor Nelson" - 11.35 - 11.55 24/11//10
Nelly - work that body
*jingle*
Mclean - finally in love
"you are listening to Radio 1xtra, after this we will be looking at a neptune distography with Pharelle"
Loick Essien ft Ndubz - stuttering
" what an epic song, listen to these which neptunes revamped hip hop with"
different clips of songs from neptune
"we will try and play five different tracks from neptunes production for you"
interview about dubstep music
Pharelle - grinding remix
"you can just feeling him in the studio dropping the beat to this sick remix, and no Ellie you havent missed Devlin in the live lounge" (bedrock instrument played behind while he was speaking)
"now this is skepta amnesia, what a song" (begining being played behind
Skepta - amnesia
*jingle*
speaking to another female dj in the studio about Fernando Torres
"our sports reporter will be out speaking to people about what they thought of yesterday being a record breaking day on transfers at stamford bridge"
Jingles
- "radio 1xtra, with Trevor Nelson" (each different DJ has a different Jingle)
Slang and Catchphrases
- "you are listening to radio 1xtra"
- "what a song"
- "you can just feel him dropping the beat"
- "what an epic song"
About The Tracks
- "you can just feel him dropping the beat on this sick remix"
- "what a song"
- "what an epic song"
Digression To Another Subject
- "no Ellie you haven't missed Devlin in the live lounge" - also promoting people to stay tuned and listen to Devlin playing in the live lounge
Promoting Other Shoes
- "no Ellie you haven't missed Devlin in the Live Lounge" wanting people to stay tuned and listen to the live lounge
Critisisms
- Trevor Nelson doesn't speak very clearly so it is quite hard to understand what he is saying
- Talking fast, trying to cram everything in, in a very short space of time
Positive comments
- stopping and speaking after the songs, giving the audience the sense of feeling that the DJ is actually enjoying what he is doing
- promotion of the live lounge - which i listened to and was great
My Own View
Again i really enjoyed listening to this radio station, alot of upbeat music, also i liked the outside broadcast speaking to people, getting the public involved.
I listen to each radio station for 20 minutes each so that it would be fair.
I also couldn't look at alot of radio stations local to Kidlington because none of them would play on the internet, and that was the equipment that we had to listen to the radios on, and would make it easier to make the notes to go onto my blog.
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